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 Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. They are the structural and functional units that form the organs and other structures of the body. There are four main types of tissue in animals and humans, and each type has specialized functions. These are: ### 1. ** Epithelial Tissue**    - **Function**: Epithelial tissue covers the body surfaces, lines internal cavities, and forms glands. It acts as a barrier to protect the body from mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.    - **Structure**: Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells that form continuous sheets. There are two main types of epithelial tissue:      - **Covering and lining epithelium**: Forms outer layers of the skin and lines internal organs.      - **Glandular epithelium**: Forms glands that secrete substances like enzymes, hormones, and mucus.    - **Types of Epithelium**:      - *...

 **High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)** and **Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)** are two common conditions related to the force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Both conditions can have significant health effects, though in different ways. ### ** High Blood Pressure (Hypertension )** High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the force of the blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. Hypertension often develops over many years and can lead to serious health problems, such as heart disease and stroke. #### ** Causes of High Blood Pressure:** 1. ** Primary Hypertension** : This is the most common type and develops over time without a specific cause. Risk factors include genetics, age, lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet (especially high in salt), and excessive alcohol consumption. 2. ** Secondary Hypertension**: This type is caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney disease, hormonal problems, certain medications, or sleep apnea. #### *...

 ### Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - Full Details Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as **erythrocytes**, are the most abundant type of blood cell in the human body and play a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Here’s a detailed overview of RBCs: ### 1. ** Structure and Composition** - **Shape**: RBCs have a unique **biconcave disc shape**. This shape increases the surface area for gas exchange and allows RBCs to deform, which helps them pass through narrow capillaries. - **Size**: The average diameter of a red blood cell is around **7–8 micrometers**. - **Membrane**: The outer membrane of RBCs is composed of a lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, including **glycophorin** and **spectrin**, which contribute to the cell's flexibility and shape. - **Cytoplasm**: The cytoplasm of RBCs is packed with **hemoglobin**, a protein responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.    ### 2. ** Functi...

 "D Pharma" typically refers to a **Diploma in Pharmacy**, which is an undergraduate academic program designed to train students to become pharmacists. The course usually spans two to three years and covers various aspects of pharmaceutical sciences, including: 1. **Pharmacology ** – Study of drugs and their effects on the body. 2. **Pharmaceutical Chemistry* * – The study of drug design and chemical properties. 3. **Pharmacognosy ** – The study of medicinal plants and natural substances. 4. **Pharmaceutical Technology** – The process of drug formulation and manufacturing. 5. **Pharmacy Practice** – Patient care, ethics, and professional responsibilities in pharmacy. Graduates of this program are typically qualified to work as pharmacy technicians or assistants in hospitals, pharmacies, or other healthcare settings. In some countries, they may also be eligible to take exams to become licensed pharmacists.

 Blood is a vital fluid in the human body and plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, transporting nutrients, and fighting infections. Here's a detailed breakdown of blood, its components, functions, and related aspects: ## # 1. **Overview of Blood ** Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that circulates through the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels). It carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products like carbon dioxide. ### 2. ** Composition of Blood** Blood is composed of two main parts: **Plasma** and **Formed elements**. #### a. ** Plasma ** Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. It is a yellowish fluid that consists primarily of water (about 90%) and various dissolved substances: - ** Water**: Acts as a solvent and medium for transport. - ** Proteins**: Such as albumin, globulins (antibodies), and fibrinogen (important for blood clotting). - ** Electrolytes**: Sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorid...

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